Witches known as skinwalkers who can alter their shapes at will to
assume the characteristics of certain animals are in religion and cultural lore
of Southwestern tribes.
In the American Southwest, the Navajo, Hopi, Utes, and other
tribes each have their own version of the skinwalker story, but they all end up
to the same thing--a malevolent
witch capable of transforming itself into a wolf, coyote, bear, bird, or any
other animal. The witch might wear the hide or skin of the animal identity it
wants to assume, and when the transformation is complete, the witch inherits
the speed, strength, or cunning of the animal whose shape he/she has taken.
Navajo skinwalkers use mind control, make their victims hurt
themselves and even end their
lives. They are considered powerful, able to run faster than a car and jump
mesa cliffs without any effort at all. No faster than a speeding bullet and
able to leap tall buildings like Superman, but not much lesser.
For the Navajo and other tribes of the southwest, the tales of
skinwalkers are not mere legend. There’s a Nevada attorney, Michael Stuhff, one
of the few lawyers in the history of American jurisprudence to file legal
papers against a Navajo witch. He often represents Native Americans in his
practice and understands Indian law. He knows and respects tribal religious
beliefs.
As a young attorney in the mid-70s, Stuhff worked in a legal aid
program based near Genado, Arizona, many clients being Navajo. He confronted a
witch in a dispute over child custody. His client was a Navajo woman who lived
on the reservation with her son. She wanted full custody rights and back child
support payments from her estranged husband, an Apache man. At one point, the
husband got permission to take the son out for an evening, but didn't return
the boy until the next day. The son later told his mother what had happened. He
had spent the night with his father and a "medicine man." They built
a fire atop a cliff and, for many hours, the medicine man performed ceremonies,
songs, and incantations around the fire. At dawn, they went to some woods by a
cemetery and dug a hole. The medicine man placed two dolls in the hole, one
dark and the other made of light wood. The dolls were meant to be the mother
and her lawyer. Sruhff didn’t know how to approach this, so he consulted
a Navajo professor at a nearby community college.
The professor told him it sounded like a powerful and serious
ceremony of type, meant for the lawyer to end up buried in the graveyard for
real. He also said a witch could only perform this type of ceremony only four
times in his life, because if he tries it more than that, the curse would come
back on the witch himself. Also, if the intended victim discovered about it,
then the curse would come
back onto the person who had requested it.
Stuhff filed court papers that requested an injunction against the
husband and the unknown medicine man, whom he described in the court documents
as "John Doe, A Witch,” to let the husband know he know what he and the
witch had done. He described the alleged ceremony in detail.
This upset the opposing attorney by the motion, as did the husband
and the presiding judge. The opposing lawyer argued to the court that the medicine
man had performed "a blessing way ceremony," not a curse. But Stuhff
knew that the judge, who was a Navajo, would be able to distinguish between a
blessing ceremony, which takes place in Navajo hogans, and a darker ceremony
involving lookalike dolls that took place in the woods near a cemetery. Which
he did. Before the judge ruled though, Stuhff requested a recess so that the
significance of his legal motion could sink in. The next day, the husband
agreed to grant total custody to the mother and pay all back child support.
Stuhff took it as serious as the husband did, because he learned
that sometimes witches will do things themselves to assist the supernatural,
and he knew what that might mean.
Whether or not Stuhff believed that witches have supernatural
powers, he acknowledged the Navajos did. Certain communities on the reservation
had reputations as witchcraft strongholds and the lawyer wasn’t certain that
the witch he faced was a skinwalker or not. "Not all witches are
skinwalkers," he had said, "but all skinwalkers are witches.
Skinwalkers are at the top, a witch's witch. Skinwalkers are
purely evil in intent. That they do all sorts of terrible things---make people
sick and they commit murders. They are also grave robbers and necrophiliacs.
Greedy and evil, to become a skinwalker, they must kill a sibling or other
relative. They supposedly can turn into were-animals and travel by supernatural
means.
Skinwalkers possess knowledge of medicine, medicine both practical
(heal the sick) and spiritual (maintain harmony). The flip side of the
skinwalker coin is the power of tribal medicine men. Among the Navajo, medicine
men train over a period of many years to become full- fledged practitioners in
the mystical rituals of the Dine' (Navajo) people.
But there is a dark side to the learning of the medicine men.
Witches follow some of the same training and obtain similar knowledge as their
more benevolent colleagues. But they supplement this with their pursuit of the
dark arts. By Navajo law, a known witch has forfeited its status as a human and
can be killed at will.
Witchcraft was always an accepted, if not widely acknowledged part
of Navajo culture. The killing of witches was historically accepted among the
Navajo as it was among the Europeans." At one point in history, there was
the Navajo Witch Purge of 1878. More than 40 Navajo witches were killed or
"purged" by tribe members because the Navajo had endured a horrendous
forced march at the hands of the U.S. Army in which hundreds were starved,
murdered, or left to die. The Navajo were confined to a bleak reservation that
left them destitute and starving at the end of the march. They assumed that
witches might be responsible for their plight. They retaliated by purging their
ranks of suspected witches. Tribe members reportedly found a collection of
witch artifacts wrapped in a copy of the Treaty of 1868 and "buried in the
belly of a dead person."
In the Navajo world, there are as many words for the various forms
of witchcraft as there are words for various kinds of snow among the Eskimos.
If the woman thought a man was adan'ti, she thought he had the power of sorcery
to convert himself into animal form, to fly, or become invisible.
Few Navajo want to cross paths with naagloshii (or yee
naaldooshi), otherwise known as a skinwalker. The cautious Navajo will not
speak openly about skinwalkers, especially with strangers, because to do so
might invite the attention of an evil witch. After all, a stranger who asks
questions about skinwalkers just might be one himself, looking for his next
victim.
In the legends, it is said they curse people and cause great
suffering and death. At night, their eyes glow red like hot coals. It is said
that if you see the face of a Naagloshii, they have to kill you. If you see one
and know who it is, they will die. If you see them and you don't know them,
they have to kill you to keep you from finding out who they are. They use a
mixture that some call corpse powder, which they blow into your face. Your
tongue turns black and you go into convulsions and you eventually die. They are
known to use evil spirits in their ceremonies. The Dine' have learned ways to
protect themselves against this evil, always keeping on guard."
Although skinwalkers are generally believed to prey only on Native
Americans, there are recent reports from non-Indians claiming they had
encountered skinwalkers while driving on or near tribal lands. One New Mexico
Highway Patrol officer told us that while patrolling a stretch of highway south
of Gallup, New Mexico, he had had two separate encounters with a ghastly
creature that seemingly attached itself to the door of his vehicle. During the
first encounter, the veteran law enforcement officer said the unearthly being
appeared to be wearing a ghostly mask as it kept pace with his patrol car. To
his horror, he realized that the ghoulish specter wasn't attached to his door
after all. Instead, it ran alongside his vehicle as he roared at high rate of
speed down the highway. The officer said he had a nearly identical experience in
the same area a few days later. He was shaken to his core by these encounters,
but didn't realize that he would soon get some confirmation that what he had
seen was real. While having coffee with a fellow highway patrolman not long
after the second incident, the cop cautiously described his twin experiences.
To his amazement, the second officer admitted having his own encounter with a
white-masked ghoul, a being that appeared out of nowhere and then somehow kept
pace with his cruiser as he sped across the desert. The first officer told us
that he still patrols the same stretch of highway, but is petrified every time
he enters the area.
Once Caucasian family still speaks in hushed tones about its
encounter with a skinwalker, even though it happened in 1983. As they
drove at night along Route 163 through the Navajo Reservation, the family
felt that someone was following them. As their truck slowed down to round a
sharp bend, the atmosphere changed, and time itself seemed to slow down. That's
when something leaped out of a ditch.
"It was black and hairy and was eye level with the cab,"
one of the witnesses recalled. "Whatever this thing was, it wore a man's
clothes. It had on a white and blue checked shirt and long pants. Its arms were
raised over its head, almost touching the top of the cab. It looked like a
hairy man or a hairy animal in man's clothing, but it didn't look like an ape
or anything like that. Its eyes were yellow and its mouth was open."
The father described as a fearless man who had served two tours in
Vietnam, turned completely white, the blood drained from his face. The hair on
his neck and arms stood straight up, like a cat under duress, and noticeable
goose bumps erupted from his skin. Although time seemed frozen during this
bizarre interlude, the truck continued on its way, and the family was soon
miles down the highway. Days later, the family awoke to the sounds of loud
drumming at their home in Flagstaff. They peered out their windows and saw
dark forms of three men outside their fence, trying to climb the
fence to enter the yard and inexplicably unable to cross onto the property.
Frustrated by their failed entry, the men chanted as the terrified family
huddled inside the house. Strange about this was if skinwalkers, why not
assume a shape of a bird and fly over the fence? No mention either of police
called. One family member said she called a Navajo friend who walked through
the house and said they were skinwalkers, that the intrusion failed because something protected
the family. She admitted that it was all highly unusual since skinwalkers
rarely bother non-Indians and performed a blessing ceremony.
