“Her house sinks down to death,
And her course leads to the shades.
All who go to her cannot return
And find again the paths of life.”
With this being the summer of vampires; The Strain TV series and Vampires in Virginia being filmed here in this part of Virginia where I live, I thought, let's do vampires for Supernatural Friday!
Vampire-like creatures date back thousands of
years, and pop up in dozens of different cultures. Human kind has always been fascinated with
them, or more likely in fear of, at
least until modern times, such as why we have vampires in contemporary books,
movies and television shows. According to the predominant mythology, every
vampire was once a human, who, after being bitten by a vampire, died and rose
from the grave as a monster. Vampires crave the blood of the living, whom they
hunt during the night. They use their protruding fangs to puncture their
victims' necks. At least the European ones anyway.
Since they're reanimated
corpses—the living remains of a deceased person—vampires are often referred to
as "the undead." This means they are deceased and yet, not. Vampires
are potentially immortal, but they do have a few weaknesses. They can be destroyed by a stake
through the heart, fire, beheading and direct sunlight, and they are wary of
crucifixes, holy water and garlic. Vampires don't cast a reflection, and they
have superhuman strength.
This vampire figure, with
its particular combination of characteristics and governing rules, is actually
a fairly recent invention. Bram Stoker conceived it in his 1897 novel, Dracula.
The vampire changing into a bat came from this novel also, thanks to
the real vampire bats in South America. Other authors reinterpreted
Dracula in a number of plays, movies and books.
The legends of vampires date back at least 4,000
years, to the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians of Mesopotamia.
Mesopotamians feared Lamastu (also spelled Lamashtu), a vicious demon goddess who preyed on humans. In
Assyrian legend, Lamastu, the daughter of sky god Anu, would creep into a house
at night and steal or kill babies, either in their cribs or in the womb.
Believers attributed sudden infant death syndrome and miscarriage to this
figure. Lamastu, which translates to "she who erases," would also
prey on adults, sucking blood from young men and bringing disease, sterility
and nightmares. She is often depicted with wings and birdlike talons, and
sometimes with the head of a lion. To protect themselves from Lamastu, pregnant
women would wear amulets depicting Pazuzu, another evil god who once defeated the demoness.
Lamastu is closely associated with Lilith, a prominent figure in some Jewish texts.
Accounts of Lilith vary considerably, but in the most notable versions of the
story, she was the original woman. God created both Adam and Lilith from the
Earth, but there was soon trouble between them. Lilith refused to take a
subservient position to Adam, since she came from the same place he did. Lilith however came to Adam as he lay asleep and coupled with him in his
dreams. By this means, she became mother of all the uncanny beings who share
this planet invisibly with mortals, and are known as the fairy races or the djinn.
In one
ancient version of the legend, Lilith left Eden and began birthing her own children. God
sent three angels to bring her back, and when she refused, they promised they
would kill 100 of her children every day until she returned. Lilith in turn
vowed to destroy human children. Accounts of Lilith as a child-killer seem to
be taken directly from the Lamastu legend. She is often described as a winged
demoness with sharp talons, who came in the night, primarily to steal away
infants and fetuses. Most likely, the Jews assimilated the figure of Lamastu
into their tradition, but it's also possible that both myths were inspired by a
third figure. While she is often depicted as a terrifying creature, Lilith also
had seductive qualities. The ancient Jews
believed she would come to men at night as a succubus. They also regarded her as a queen of evil spirits, and made amulets to
protect themselves against her. She is a personification of the erotic dreams
which trouble men; the suppressed desire for forbidden delights. Charles
Godfrey Leland, in his Etruscan Roman Remains (London, 1892), identifies Lilith with
Herodias, or Aradia. He notes that in the old Slavonian spells and charms,
Lilith is mentioned, and that she is said to have twelve daughters, who are the
twelve kinds of fever. This is another instance of the witches’ thirteen.”
It is interesting that
author Sherrilyn Kenyon has written paranormal romances concerning being called
Dark Hunters (sort of vampires, but good guys), all going back to the Greek goddess, Artemis. The ancient Greeks
had feared vampiric like the Lamia,
a demon with the head and torso of a woman and the lower body of a snake (and I
am not talking about the Medusa). One of the versions of the legend, Lamia was one of Zeus'
mortal lovers. Filled with anger and jealousy, Zeus' wife, the goddess Hera,
made Lamia
insane so she would eat all her children. Once Lamia realized what she had done, she became
so angry that she turned into an immortal monster, sucking the blood from young
children out of jealousy for their mothers.
The Greeks believed in and feared
the empusai, the malicious daughters of Hecate, the goddess of witchcraft. The empusai
could change form and they rose from Hades (the underworld) at night as
beautiful women. They seduced shepherds in the field, devour ing them
afterwards. A similar creature, the baobhan sith, appears in
Celtic folklore.
There have been creatures
like vampires in the mythology of Asia. Indian
folklore describes a number of nightmarish characters, including rakshasa,
gargoyle-like shape-shifters who preyed on children, and vetala,
demons who would take possession of recently dead bodies to wreak havoc on the
living. In Chinese folklore, corpses could rise from the grave and walk again. A
k'uei was created when a person's p'o (lower
spirit) did not pass onto the afterlife at death, usually because of bad deeds
during life. The p'o, angered by its horrible fate, would reanimate the body
and attack the living at night. One particularly vicious sort of k'uei,
known as the Kuang-shi (or Chiang-shi), had the ability of flight and take on
different forms also. Covered in white fur, these fiends had glowing red eyes
and bit into its prey with sharp fangs.
Nomadic tribes and traveling
traders spread different vampire legends throughout Asia, Europe and the Middle East. As these stories traveled, their various
elements combined to form new vampire myths. In the past 1,000 years, vampire
legends have been especially pervasive of eastern European contributions.
Dracula, along with all
those modern vampire books and movies (and even the flesh eating zombies since
Romero’s Night of the Living Dead, too) are inspired by the folklore of eastern
Europe. History records dozens of mythical vampire figures in this region,
going back hundreds of years. They have their particular habits and
characteristics, but most fall into one of two general categories: Demon that become reanimated corpses so they could walk among the living and
spirits
of dead people that
would not leave their own body.
The most notable of the demon
vampires would be the Russian upir and the Greek vrykolakas.
Sinners, babies not baptized, and those outside the Christian faith were more
likely to be reanimated after death. Those who practiced witchcraft are also included,
as they would be particularly susceptible because they had already given their
soul to the devil in life. Once the undead corpses rose from the grave, they
would terrorize the community and feed on the living. Not just blood, but the
flesh, too.
Most of these legends
account that these undead corpses must return to their grave regularly to rest
(notice that it never said day or night—though night would seemed the most fearsome time for evil
to walk). When townspeople believed that someone had become a vampire, they exhumed
the corpse to get rid of the evil spirit. They might try an exorcism ritual,
but more often they would destroy the body so it would no longer have a form to
use. Various methods include cremation, decapitation, even driving a wooden
stake through the heart. Bodies might also be buried face down, so the undead
corpses would dig deeper into the earth, rather than up into shallower ground. Other
families might also secured stakes above the corpse so it would impale itself
if it tried to escape.
Vampires in Moldavia, Wallachia and Transylvania (part of Romania) were called
strigoi. Strigoi are almost exclusively human spirits who had
returned from the dead. Unlike the upir or vrykolakas, the strigoi go through
different stages after they have risen from the grave. Initially, a strigoi
might become an invisible poltergeist, tormenting its living family members by
moving furniture and stealing food. Eventually, it becomes visible, just as the
person looked in life. The strigoi returns to its family, stealing cattle,
begging for food, and bringing disease. It also feed on humans, at first the family
members; of course, eventually the myths changing to anyone else they happened
to come across. In some accounts, the strigoi sucked their victims' blood
directly from the heart.
The strigoi need to return
to the grave on a regular basis, just like the upir did. If townspeople
suspected someone had become a strigoi, they would do the same as those did to
the upir, exhume the body and burn it, or run spikes through it. But after
seven years, if a strigoi still hung around, it could live wherever it pleased.
It was said that strigoi traveled to distant towns and would begin new lives as
ordinary people. These secret vampires even met with each other in weekly
gatherings.
In addition to undead
strigoi, referred to as strigoi mort, people also feared living
vampires, or strigoi viu. Strigoi viu were cursed
living people who were doomed to become strigoi mort when they died. Babies
born with abnormalities, such as a tail-like protrusion or a bit of fetal
membrane tissue attached to the head (cauls), were usually
considered strigoi viu. Also, if any strigoi mort living among humans had children,
the offspring were cursed to become undead strigoi in the afterlife. When a
known strigoi viu died, the family destroyed its body to keep it from rising from
the grave.
In other parts of eastern
Europe, strigoi-type creatures were called vampir, or vampyr,
most likely a variation on the Russian upir. Western European countries
eventually picked up on this name, how the term became “vampyr” and later “vampire"
in the English language.
During the 17th and 18th
centuries, vampire hysteria spread through eastern Europe. People reported that
they saw their dead relatives walking around, attacking the living. Authorities
dug up scores of graves, burning and staking the corpses (like those accused of
being witches and even werewolves earlier in history were burned at the stake).
In eastern European folklore, it was said that a vampire could be warded off by
scattering seeds on the ground, either on top of the vampire's grave or outside
your house. Vampires, said to be obsessive creatures, were compelled to count all the seeds. If you hid a nail in the
seeds, it pricked the vampire midway through the count. The vampire would then
drop the seeds and have to start all over again.
The vampire scare spread to
western Europe. This led to academic speculations on the creatures, as well as
vampire poems and paintings. It was these works that inspired an Irishman named
Bram Stoker to write his own vampire novel,
"Dracula."
Abraham (Bram) Stoker, a theater manager and part-time novelist, was not
the first author to feature the vampire in a literary work, but his version is
the one that really caught on. This is largely due to the novel's unforgettable
villain, Count Dracula, as well as the foreboding setting. Stoker arrived at both elements
through extensive research. He set much of the action in the mysterious
mountains of the Transylvania province
of Romania, and he based
his vampires on eastern European and gypsy folklore.
Selectively sampling from several versions of the vampire myth and adding
some details of his own, Stoker formed the standard for the modern vampire.
Unlike the vampires in the eastern European tradition, Stoker's monster loses
power in the sunlight, is repelled by crucifixes and has acute intelligence.
Interestingly, Stoker's vampires do not have reflections, while many earlier
vampire creatures were fascinated by their own reflection.
Stoker's research also turned up a name for his villain, based on a real
Dracula. Vlad Tepes’ father was known as Vlad Basarab (inducted
into the Royal Order of the Dragon, a
branch of the Brotherhood of the Wolf). From then on, until his death, Vlad
Basarab referred to himself as Vlad Dracul. Dracul is a Romanian word for “dragon,”
but also means “devil.” The suffix “a” means “son of,” so when Vlad Dracul’s
second son, also named Vlad, was born later that year in Sghisoara, he became
Vlad Dracula, Son of the Dragon. More often he was called "Vlad
Tepes," meaning "Vlad the Impaler." This was in reference to his
predilection for impaling his enemies on long wooden stakes. This form of
torture and punishment actually came about due to both him and his brother,
Radu, captured as prisoners of the Turks, and were allowed to watch the Turks
do this to their enemies.
The real Dracula had a reputation for unfathomable brutality (a reputation
many Romanians claim is inaccurate, but then again, they believe him to be a
hero, due to defeating the Turks), but there is not much evidence showing that
people believed he was a vampire. Stoker's fictional villain is not closely
modeled after the real Dracula, though they are sometimes linked in movies
based on the book. Stoker borrowed the name, as well as his social standing,
for his vampire. Unlike the wandering, homeless strigoi, Dracula was written as
a wealthy count, hiding out in a grandiose castle.
In the 1927 play "Dracula," and the film adaptation that followed
in 1931, Bela Lugosi embraced this aristocratic notion. Dracula's familiar
outfit – black formal wear and a billowing black cape, also was introduced. In
the novel "Dracula," the count is described as a withered, ugly old
man, more like Max Shreck's portrayal in the 1922 silent film adaptation,
"Nosferatu," than Lugosi's presentation. But the suave Dracula caught
on, showing up in scores of vampire movies, television shows and cartoons, even
to this day, besides the creepier “nosferatu” version (like in 30 Days of
Night, Salem’s Lot, and I Am Legend)
The vampire continues to evolve over the years, as novelists and filmmakers
reinterpret and expand the mythology. In Anne Rice's popular novels, she takes
vampires to the next level, giving them a conscience and a range of emotions.
In her work, vampires are not necessarily evil -- they are presented as real,
rounded people. On the television show "Buffy the Vampire Slayer,"
creator Joss Whedon has pursued similar ideas, exploring the idea of a vampire
with a soul and if you remember, his soulless vamps were called demons, not
unlike the Russian upir and the Greek vrykolakas.
